![]() As a result, while those approaches may be appropriate for the casual Mac user looking to show what users they have on a computer, neither of those methods are particularly sufficient for most admin needs. Additionally, the existence of a name in the /Users/ directory is not foolproof, because you can delete a user account but preserve that users home directory. So in Python 2, Unicode can encode into Python strings, and Python strings can decode into the Unicode type.A few preliminary basic approaches to this would be to access the login screen or to list the contents of the /Users directory, though if a user account is hidden then it would not display at the login screen and it’s equally simple to obfuscate a user from the /Users folder. However, to get the lowercase back in type str, encode the python string to utf-8 again: > print string Software should only work with Unicode strings internally, converting to a particular encoding on output. It is recommended that you always work with text in Unicode. > unicode_from_string = string_to_unicode = unicode_literalīoth methods convert to the unicode type - and same as the unicode_literal. We can either use the unicode constructor or str.decode method with the codec to convert the str to unicode: > unicode_from_string = unicode(string, 'utf-8') # "encoding" unicode from string Python's Unicode type is a universal encoding format that has many advantages relative to most other encodings. Now if we only have it in the form of a str, we need to convert it to unicode. Note that the bytes are completely different from the str bytes - the escape character is '\u' followed by the 2-byte width, or 16 bit representation of these unicode letters: > unicode_literal So we need a unicode string to handle this conversion, accomplished easily with a unicode string literal, which disambiguates with a u prefix (and note the u prefix also works in Python 3): > unicode_literal = u'Километр' For more on that, see the Unicode how-to in the docs and PEP 263 Use Unicode literals, not str literals In scripts, Python will object to non-ascii (as of Python 2.5, and warning in Python 2.4) bytes being in a string with no encoding given, since the intended coding would be ambiguous. In Python 2, the below, pasted into a shell, encodes the literal as a string of bytes, using utf-8.Īnd lower doesn't map any changes that bytes would be aware of, so we get the same string. Python 2, plain string literals are bytes Python 3 handles plain string literals as unicode: > string = 'Километр' This is a str method in Python 3, but in Python 2, you'll want to look at the PyICU or py2casefold - several answers address this here. However, if the purpose is to do case insensitive matching, you should use case-folding: > 'Kilometers'.casefold() The canonical Pythonic way of doing this is > 'Kilometers'.lower()
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